mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1 instead of mkfs.vfat -F32
As explained in the wiki. Be sure to always read things carefully!
Is there a way that I can explain the issues I ran into and my installation process so that other who have a macbook air from early 2013/2014 can learn some from the problems I overcame?
See anything I wrote so far... Stick to the wiki and you'll be fine.
Should I make a blog post and add it in the end of the wiki or can I add notes directly in the arch wiki?
And again, all of this is covered in the wiki. No need (in fact it would be detrimental) to elaborate on your problem there. If you want to blog about it, then sure, go ahead.
]]>I don't own a macbook myself, but skimming over https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Mac#Partitions it would seem that all the information your requested can be found there. I would suggest you to do the following:
1. Read through the linked article until you have understood what the individual steps do. (Of course, if you are unsure about more broad concepts such as UEFI itself, read the corresponding articles first.)
2. Regarding encryption, as the article hints, this should be no different on a macbook than on any other laptop. Details can be found on https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Disk_encryption
3. Before committing to anything, write an outline of your installation process. If you are unsure about anything, ask us and present your intended outline.
4. Go through the installation process. If you get stuck at any point, report back with _all_ the issued commands and the observed outputs.
Edit: removed unnecessary text
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